requestId:68499a977bdcf9.12002190.
The commentary on “The scholars today are human beings” and the introductory meaning of Confucianism in the Song Dynasty
Author: Xiao Yongming (Director and Professor of Yuelu Book Academy in Hunan)
Source; “Hunan Journal” (Social Science Edition) 2012 No. 04
Time: Confucius’ 12th Bingshen month Bingshen
Jesus January 9, 2017
Content summary: From the pre-Qin period to the Hantang period, many students clearly stated the term “Today’s scholars are human beings”, and many of them were more concerned about the negative understanding of “to be human beings”, but the specific explanations were also different. By the Song Dynasty, the differences in “being a person” were further improved. Some students believe that “for people” does not have an online meaning, while some students use “for people” as a complete online meaning. In the middle of the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu Xi further strengthened the division between self-study and human-study, and finally rejected the learning of human-study as the opposite side of learning. This change in the expression of “being a human being” was a reaction to the Confucianism in the Song Dynasty. At that time, many Confucian scholars shifted the focus of theoretical thinking from the social and political realm to the inner cultivation of mind and nature. Therefore, the learning of “for oneself” that emphasizes the inner cultivation of mind and nature was not particularly valued and emphasized, and “for oneself” as the opposite side of “for oneself” was gradually given a complete negative color.
The “Speech·Yingyou” records Confucius’ words: “In ancient times, those who learn are themselves, and those who learn are others.” This term became the main text basis for the Confucianism in the Song Dynasty “learning for oneself”. “Collected Notes on the Four Chapters” quotes the two Cheng verses to explain: “For oneself, one wants to obtain it from oneself; for others, one wants to see and know it from others.” ① Taking this explanation as the basis, Zhu Xi specially emphasized the difference between learning oneself and learning from others. In his opinion, the meaning and purpose of learning oneself and learning oneself and learning oneself are very different, and the tendencies are opposite. Students should analyze it carefully at the root of the root. “Today’s students should be tight and separate, and they should be tight is to be on their own and others.” ②
This view of Zhu Xi has had a great impact on the subsequent development of Confucianism. Not only did Zhu Xi’s postgraduate followers inherit this view, but he was still very similar to Zhu Xi’s view of Zhu Xi, who had different theoretical disagreements and differences in many aspects. For example, Wang Yangming’s understanding of being self-centered and being a human being was different from Zhu Xi: “The holy scholars are just learning for themselves, and they value work but not experience.” ③ “Today’s students must first have the heart to be self-centered, and then they can study. Otherwise, they will say it in a verbal way, which is enough to be a reward for others.” ④ Qing DynastyThe Qianlong and Jiaqing scholars of the generation were very different from the Song and Ming wise scholars in terms of academic purpose and governance. They also criticized many of the contents in Zhu Xi’s “Collected Notes on the Four Chapters and Sentences”, but their understanding of being themselves and others made them very happy in the year. Yeti is similar to Zhu Xi官网彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩彩
But it is worth noting that before the Southern Song Dynasty, many scholars proposed their own explanations for themselves and for others, and there were very different aspects in understanding “for others”. ⑤ Assessing the explanation of “the current scholars are human beings” by many scholars from the pre-Qin to the Song Dynasty, and exploring the reason for the straits of the Southern Song Dynasty, which may help us to further understand the direction of the transformation of Confucianism in the Song Dynasty, and to clarify the relationship between classical ideas and the trend of the times and academic thoughts from one side.
1. An explanation of “the current learners are human beings” in the pre-Qin and Han Tang dynasties
Xunzi gave a statement about “for oneself” and “for others”: “In correcting people’s learning, they enter the ear, focus on the heart, spread across the four bodies, and their shapes are static, and at the end, they are creeping and moving. One can be a law. The learning of a gentleman enters the ear and goes out of the mouth. Between the mouth and ears, four inches of ears, is it enough to be beautiful for a seven-foot car? The ancient learners are 大利子变利子变利子变利子变利子利子利子利子子子子子子子子子子子子子子子子子子子子子子子子子子子子子子子子子子子子子子子子子子子子子子子子子子子子子子子子子子 Here, Xunzi understood “learning for people” from the perspective of “a gentleman’s learning is also based on the bird’s veins”. So they’re editing? “Thinking of a bird” means learning to be a gift like “birth” to reward others. The goal of learning is not to be inner self-perfection, but to take advantage of others. This understanding is a complete understanding of the learning of being a person from the negative perspective, and “being a person” is an Internet.
Many scholars after the Han Dynasty followed the purpose of Xunzi’s design. As Kong Anguo said: “For oneself, do it and do it. For others, you can only speak.” ⑦ Here, “for others” means that you can only speak empty words but not in a practical way. As Fan Xiu said, “For others, one should be grateful for things; for oneself, one should be able to understand things because of one’s heart.”⑧In this, “for others” refers to Integrate the inner reputation and express itself. In these interpretations, “for people” is negative and rejected.
There are also scholars who have different understandings about “for people”. In “The Training of the Yang Family”, there is a difference between Xunzi: “In ancient times, students were self-reliant to compensate for their shortcomings; today, students are people, but they can be said. In ancient times, those who learn to be a man were the one who practiced the way to benefit the world; now, those who learn to be a man were self-cultivated to seek improvement. “⑨ This statement is worth noting. The translation of the song does not deny “being a person”, but rather concludes the consequences of “being a person” or “being a person” as the two different subjects of the ancient learners and the modern learners. “The current learners are people, but they can say it”, while “the ancient learners are people, and they practice the way to benefit the world. “The two are “for people”, but the consequences of “for people” accomplices” by modern scholars and ancient scholars are different. For “for people” they can also be connected with “performing the way to benefit the world”, which is a positive value. In other words, in terms of speculation, “for people” themselves do not need to be rejected. The two differences between positive and negative aspects of “for people” are determined by the fact that The subject of differences. ⑩
Generally speaking, the academic community in the pre-Qin and Han Tang period mostly used Xunzi’s words as the basis and made a negative explanation of “being a person”. However, other explanations also coexisted, and “being a person” was sometimes interpreted from a positive perspective.
2 , Understanding of “being a person” in the Northern Song Dynasty and the early Southern Song Dynasty
During the Northern Song Dynasty and the early Southern Song Dynasty, scholars added a step further to the inconsistency of “being a person”. Chen Jingzhe, an international student of the Song Dynasty, once discussed how people understood “being a person”, when they were able to raise a debate: “In ancient times, those who learned were themselves, and those who learn today were people. It is very clear that what I say is self-righteous and what I am in my mind. Don’t know what to say? I also say that Zi Shao said that I seek people’s knowledge for them, and I am afraid that they will not be able to do so. I said: If someone does something, no one can do it. What does it matter to you? This sage discovered the differences among scholars from ancien
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